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Artigo: Dia Mundial da Água (e do Esgoto), de Luís Eduardo Grisotto e Dafne Corrêa da Silva

22/03/2017 Redação ABES

Por  Luis Eduardo Grisotto, coordenador da Câmara Técnica de Recursos Hídricos da ABES-SP

e Dafne Corrêa da Silva, membro da CTRH

Em tempos de crise hídrica e de incertezas climáticas, a água passa a ser percebida de novas maneiras pela sociedade. De recurso inesgotável, passou a ser domesticamente “estocável”; de origem desconhecida, a palavra “manancial” passou a ser conhecida como nunca; de um bem sem muita importância, passou a ter um valor inestimável. Coisas da crise.

O fato é que muitos tiveram seu solo rachado e suas peles secas pelo ardor da estiagem, sem qualquer perspectiva de garantia de suprimento hídrico. Entre 2013 e 2015 a região sudeste assistiu a um dos verões mais secos de sua história, com índices de precipitação e níveis de reservatórios nunca antes observados. O Sistema Cantareira, principal abastecedor da Grande São Paulo, se viu perto de um colapso inédito e sem precedentes. No verão de 2013/14 as chuvas chegaram à incrível marca de 62,9 mm em dez/2013 (27,7% da média esperada) e de 87,8 mm e 73,0 mm nos meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2014, respectivamente, registrando uma condição excepcional para os padrões até então vigentes. Apesar das “bodas de prata” da Política de Recursos Hídricos paulista – ela foi promulgada em 1991 – e de um avanço substantivo na instalação e funcionamento dos 22 comitês de bacia hidrográfica em todo o Estado, a maciça maioria dos especialistas que atuam nessa área não escondeu sua surpresa com o tamanho do problema, motivando reações em todas as direções.

E não foram poucos os esforços para o enfrentamento da crise. Para o aumento da oferta de recursos hídricos, por exemplo, foram estudadas ou viabilizadas novas fontes de suprimento hídrico superficiais ou subterrâneas (rios, lagos, represas, poços etc.), a criação ou ampliação de dispositivos hidráulicos de grande capacidade de armazenamento de água bruta (barragens e reservatórios de regularização), a proteção de mananciais existentes e o reuso de águas residuárias e de efluentes. Em complemento, foram também fomentadas iniciativas voltadas a melhorias operacionais e ao aumento de eficiência de estruturas já instaladas (comportas, estações elevatórias e de bombeamento, redução de perdas das captações e aduções, entre outras), planos e medidas de contingência para combate a situações críticas (secas e cheias) e sistemas de gestão integrados e inteligentes, todas elas orientadas à racionalização da produção de água e à otimização da disponibilidade.

Para a gestão da demanda, foram amplamente difundidas campanhas para a redução do consumo de água (conscientização, mudanças de hábito, revisão de normas, educação sanitária e ambiental, distribuição de equipamentos redutores de vazão etc.), redução de perdas nos sistemas de distribuição, aprimoramentos tecnológicos e de processos produtivos, alterações nas tarifas e taxas, aplicação de ônus financeiro pelo desperdício, ações coordenadas de comunicação, manobras operacionais (por exemplo, redução da pressão na rede de distribuição), coleta e utilização de água de chuva, uso de reservatórios e sistemas coletivos de captação e reservação da água (sistemas condominiais), entre tantos outros.

Em suma, muito se discutiu, planejou e empreendeu para que as respostas fossem à altura da magnitude do problema.

Entre as principais reflexões decorrentes da crise, o aproveitamento e o reúso de esgotos e efluentes despontou como uma grande e oportuna solução para o aumento da oferta de água. Essa alternativa, inclusive, já é largamente utilizada em todo o mundo, com tecnologias cada vez mais acessíveis e menos onerosas.

Existem relatos dessa prática desde a Grécia Antiga, com a disposição de esgotos e sua utilização na irrigação. Atualmente, os exemplos se multiplicam. Na Namíbia, mais de 8 milhões de m3 de água de reuso são adicionados aos mananciais de abastecimento todos os anos. Na Austrália, em Homebush Bay, as águas de reúso provenientes do sistema de tratamento de efluentes são microfiltradas e submetidas à osmose reversa para serem utilizadas em vasos sanitários, irrigação de espaços públicos e jardins. Em Irvine Ranch, na Califórnia, anualmente mais de 15 milhões de m3 de água de reúso abastecem plantações, indústrias e lagos ornamentais, cuja água chega por meio de um sistema de distribuição específico. Em Singapura, a água de reúso vai para a fabricação de semicondutores. E por aí vai, mundo afora.

No Brasil, a Sabesp largou na frente com projetos como o Aquapolo, na ETE ABC, com potencial de geração de até 1.000 litros por segundo, para o uso predominante em plantas petroquímicas, torres de resfriamento e caldeiras. Outras plantas foram igualmente dimensionadas para a geração de água de reúso, tais como a ETE Barueri (4.108 m3/mês), ETE São Miguel (26.370 m3/mês), ETE Parque Novo Mundo (43.709 m3/mês) ou ETE Jesus Neto (18.500 m3/mês), todas na Grande São Paulo. Juntos, esses projetos chegam a pouco mais de 2,6 milhões de m3/mês, o que equivale a 24 piscinas olímpicas por dia. E a tendência é crescente.

Porém, apesar de promissor, há diversos entraves para que esse tipo de solução decole. Ainda que a legislação brasileira determine a existência de estações de tratamento de efluentes para diversas atividades e estabeleça os padrões de lançamento de cargas poluidoras nos rios depositários dos efluentes tratados, não há regulamentação específica para o reúso. Em nível nacional, a Resolução 54/2005 do Conselho Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, que define modalidades de reúso, ou as Resoluções 357/2005, 410/2009 e 430/2011 do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente – CONAMA, que dispõem sobre o tratamento de efluentes e qualidade das águas dos corpos receptores, são avanços importantes, mas ainda insuficientes para o avanço do reúso em larga escala.

Sem um marco legal apropriado, muitos usuários puseram em prática seus próprios métodos e processos de reaproveitamento das águas residuárias, esgotos e efluentes, com aplicações na limpeza de áreas externas, irrigação de praças e plantações, utilização em processos industriais, usos não potáveis, entre outros. Tais iniciativas geraram – de um lado – grandes riscos para o abastecimento e para a salubridade humana e ambiental, mas, em contrapartida, expuseram um menu de soluções criativas e inovadoras (muitas delas inusitadas), que reforçaram a relevância e a urgência de se obter uma política robusta para ampliar o reuso em todo o País.

Isso, na prática, é considerar o esgoto tratado como manancial.

Admitindo-se que somente cerca de 43% dos esgotos gerados no Brasil são efetivamente tratados (SNIS, 2015), há uma grande oportunidade em vista. Não há dúvida que as crises hídrica e econômica, apesar de problemáticas e limitadoras, sempre oferecem grandes chances de transformação, aprimoramento tecnológico e desenvolvimento. Se isso ainda não for possível, ao menos provoca profundas reflexões sobre métodos e técnicas alternativas, maior eficiência e qualidade operacional, maior produtividade e melhor uso de equipamentos, otimização de custos, revisão de normas, etc. A dimensão e a amplitude da crise hídrica é decisiva a esse respeito. Não resta dúvida que usuários das águas deverão incorporar visões de longo prazo e noções de segurança hídrica e ambiental nos seus processos de tratamento, tendendo a se distanciar de uma postura mais reativa e legalista para se aproximar, cada vez mais, de uma posição sustentável. E o reúso de efluentes tratados é a materialização dessa tendência.

Nesse sentido, devem haver esforços e investimentos continuados na implementação de sistemas de coleta, tratamento e reúso, compatíveis com os planos diretores, planos de saneamento e de bacias hidrográficas e, considerando, principalmente, o aumento da resiliência dos sistemas e o atendimento de áreas de alta vulnerabilidade socioambiental.

O financiamento e a regulação nesse setor é, por isso, um dos principais desafios a serem enfrentados, em que a participação do capital privado tende a aumentar e ganhar mais espaço, sobretudo num cenário de retomada do crescimento do País. À medida que as fontes de suprimento hídrico estão cada vez mais distantes e a oferta de água se torna mais cara, o tratamento e reúso de efluentes assume papel economicamente estratégico, devendo ser priorizada em todo o País nos próximos anos.

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  174. Hello there! Quick question that’s entirely off topic. Do you know how to make your site mobile friendly? My website looks weird when viewing from my iphone4. I’m trying to find a theme or plugin that might be able to correct this problem. If you have any suggestions, please share. Appreciate it!

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