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ONU: falta de água e de tratamento de esgoto afeta principalmente mulheres

29/11/2016 Redação ABES

Segundo relatório da ONU, o acesso à água segura e ao esgotamento sanitário não estão disponíveis da mesma forma para homens, mulheres e outras identidades de gênero.

Direito humano fundamental, o acesso à água segura e ao esgotamento sanitário não estão disponíveis da mesma forma para homens, mulheres e outras identidades de gênero, mostra relatório da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). O estudo foi coordenado pelo pesquisador brasileiro Léo Heller, que é relator especial sobre o direito humano à água potável segura e ao esgotamento sanitário da instituição. Heller, que também coordena o Grupo de Pesquisa em Políticas Públicas e Saneamento da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), contou que verificou que em quase todas as localidades onde há falta ou má distribuição de serviços de saneamento são as mulheres que coletam água para manter a higiene do lar.

“A situação mais usual é que quando não há água nas proximidades da residência, as mulheres e meninas são, na maioria das vezes, encarregadas de buscá-la em algum lugar, o que demanda tempo elevado. Em um país que visitei, o Tadjiquistão, um estudo mostra que as mulheres demoram de quatro a seis horas por dia para fazer iss”, acrescentou, ressaltando que essa situação reforça a dependência econômica delas dos maridos, já que não são remuneradas por esse tempo. O longo percurso também apresenta riscos a essas mulheres de sofrerem ataques de animais selvagens e violência sexual, sobretudo no local onde lavam a roupa e tomam banho.

O risco da violência sexual e o estresse também se apresentam em situações em que as mulheres não têm acesso a banheiros e precisam fazer suas necessidades básicas a céu aberto, o que as deixa vulneráveis. Algumas mulheres e meninas relataram ter sofrido abordagens grosseiras, lançamento de pedras, esfaqueamento e estupro enquanto procuravam por locais para as necessidades básicas.

De acordo com o relatório, essa falta prejudica a vida de muitas mulheres, que muitas vezes preferem não sair de casa por não ter privacidade para a higiene íntima, especialmente no período menstrual.

O problema também afeta a saúde de muitas que seguram a urina por longos períodos de tempo e deixam de ingerir líquidos, aumentando o risco de infecções de bexiga e rins. O Brasil não é exceção e os casos mais comuns são vistos nas zonas rurais, onde o problema da seca é uma constante.

Transgêneros

A inadequação dos espaços públicos atinge ainda as mulheres trans que ficam expostas a agressões morais e físicas ao usar instalações sanitárias separadas pelo sexo biológico. Estudos feitos na Índia revelam que os transexuais enfrentam dificuldades em encontrar casas para alugar, sendo forçados a viver em favelas e áreas remotas, com sérios problemas de esgoto e distribuição de água.

Outro grupo atingido é a população em situação de rua. Em Belo Horizonte (MG), um estudo coordenado por Heller mostra que os albergues e as unidades de acolhimento não são em número suficiente para a quantidade de pessoas sem moradia. Embora a maior parte desse público seja composta por homens, são as mulheres que mais sofrem com a falta de privacidade.

Recomendações

O pesquisador ressaltou que o estudo é importante para orientar políticas públicas voltadas para serviços de água e esgoto. “Às vezes, a legislação e as políticas públicas, quando são neutras em relação à questão de gênero, acabam favorecendo os homens. Nesse caso, por exemplo, se fazem necessárias ações afirmativas para mulheres”.

Uma das recomendações do relatório é que essas políticas incluam mulheres e grupos marginalizados na tomada de decisões de todas as fases do planejamento e políticas e leis de saneamento, monitoramento e avaliação.

O estudo sugere ainda que os governos criem um sistema de indicadores de gênero para melhorar a coleta de dados desagregados por sexo e outros fatores relevantes, que são necessários para avaliar o impacto e a efetividade das políticas que visam à igualdade de gênero e ao fortalecimento da fruição dos direitos das mulheres à água e ao esgotamento sanitário.

Edição: Graça Adjuto

Fonte: Agência Brasil

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