A Organização Mundial da Saúde – OMS alertou que as causas mais comuns de mortes entre crianças de um mês até cinco anos são diarreia, malária e pneumonia.
Mais de um quarto das mortes de crianças com menos de cinco anos são causadas por fatores ambientais como poluição, falta de saneamento e uso de água imprópria para o consumo. Anualmente, 1,7 milhão de meninos e meninas nessa faixa etária morrem porque vivem em locais insalubres. Os dados são da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), que publicou nesta segunda-feira (6) dois novos relatórios sobre poluição e bem-estar infantil.
A publicação “Herdando um Mundo Sustentável: Atlas sobre a Saúde das Crianças e o Meio Ambiente” aponta que as causas mais comuns de mortes entre crianças de um mês até cinco anos são diarreia, malária e pneumonia. Segundo o documento, os três problemas de saúde podem ser evitados com intervenções nos espaços por onde os jovens circulam.
O outro relatório — “Não polua o meu futuro! O impacto do meio ambiente na saúde das crianças” — revela que, a cada ano, 570 mil crianças com menos de cinco anos morrem por infecções respiratórias, como a própria pneumonia. Doenças são atribuídas à poluição do ar em ambientes fechados e abertos, bem como ao fumo passivo.
“Um ambiente poluído é mortal, particularmente para crianças pequenas”, afirmou a diretora-geral da OMS, Margaret Chan. “Seus órgãos e sistemas imunológicos em desenvolvimento, corpos menores e vias aéreas tornam as crianças especialmente vulneráveis ao ar e água sujos.”
Outros 361 mil meninos e meninas na mesma faixa etária morrem por diarreia porque não têm acesso água potável, esgoto e higiene. A escassez de recursos hídricos próprios ao consumo humano afeta também centros de saúde. A OMS estima que a falta de limpeza, saneamento e água limpa em unidades de tratamento está associada à morte de 270 mil crianças que falecem durante o primeiro mês de vida. Complicações que incluem a prematuridade.
A malária ainda provoca, anualmente, 200 mil mortes de crianças entre jovens com até cinco anos de idade. De acordo com o organismo internacional, falecimentos poderiam ser evitados com ações para eliminar criadouros de mosquitos e melhorar o armazenamento de água.
O documento aponta ainda que outros 200 mil mortes entre a mesma faixa etária são provocadas por lesões e acidentes — intoxicações, quedas e afogamentos — atribuíveis a riscos ambientais.
Novos riscos
Os relatórios da OMS alertam ainda para ameaças ambientais emergentes, como os resíduos eletrônicos que são descartados inadequadamente e expõem crianças a toxinas. De acordo com a agência das Nações Unidas, tais substâncias podem causar prejuízos à saúde que incluem redução da inteligência, déficits de atenção, problemas no pulmão e câncer.
A produção de lixo eletrônico e elétrico deverá aumentar em 19% até 2018, na comparação com 2014, chegando a 50 milhões de toneladas.
Com as mudanças climáticas, as temperaturas e os níveis de dióxido de carbono na atmosfera estão se elevando. O fenômeno está associado também a um aumento do pólen no ar, responsável por provocar asma entre os pequenos.
Em todo o mundo, de 11 a 14% das crianças com cinco anos ou mais relatam atualmente sintomas de asma e cerca de 44% dos casos estão relacionados a exposições ambientais. A poluição do ar, a fumaça do tabaco ingerida pelo fumo passivo, o mofo e a umidade em ambientes fechados podem agravar quadros da complicação respiratória.
Soluções
A OMS recomenda uma série de medidas para impedir que problemas ambientais afetem a saúde das crianças. Entre as sugestões, estão melhorias nas condições de habitação da população, para garantir o uso de combustíveis limpos no preparo de alimentos e combater a proliferação de mofos e pragas; investimentos em saneamento e higiene nas escolas; bem como políticas de planejamento urbano e de transporte para criar espaços seguros de lazer e reduzir a poluição.
O organismo internacional também pede que as indústrias melhorem a gestão de seus resíduos e diminuam o uso de substâncias químicas nocivas.
Fonte: ONU
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